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Lab Stereo
Simplifying the process of designing a remote control
Designing radio frequency (RF) remote controls has never been easier thanks to the advent of highly-integrated, single-chip RF solutions. System-on-chip (SoC) transmitter solutions greatly simplify the process of designing a remote control and reduce system bill of materials (BOM) cost by eliminating the need for numerous discrete components.
Remote controls come in many different sizes, shapes and wireless technologies and are widely used in the consumer market as accessories for a wide range of products, such as televisions, video games, stereo systems, lighting controls and home automation including garage door/gate openers, air conditioning units, fans and automobiles with remote keyless entry (RKE) key fobs. The most common remote controls use infrared (IR) technology because of the relatively low cost of IR components, but these IR-based controls suffer from many drawbacks including requiring line-of-sight pointing, limited operating angles, short transmission range, reflection problems and high current consumption associated with the IR LEDs, which leads to low battery life. RF remote controls resolve these issues and are appearing in greater numbers because consumers are demanding a much better user experience. In addition, technology improvements are closing the RF-IR price gap.
The basic components of an RF remote control are buttons for the user to input a command, a microcontroller unit (MCU) to process the user commands into digital messages, an RF transmitter (RF TX) to modulate and transmit the message, an antenna, and a battery to provide power to the remote control. The common challenges manufacturers face in designing RF remote controls are to provide consistent maximum transmission range, ensure long battery life and maintain low system costs.
Maximizing transmission range involves transmitting as much power as possible (within governmental regulatory limits) while providing a receiver with excellent sensitivity since the total transmit distance is a function of both the transmitter output power and the sensitivity of the receiver. From the remote control side, the design goal is to set the RF output power to the government limit, which implies that all remote controls should have the same output performance, since they all transmit within the same limits. This would be true in an ideal world, but, in the real world with real components and manufacturing tolerances, it is practically impossible to transmit at this optimum power every time with every remote control manufactured on the production line. Moreover, interference from a user's hand holding the remote control or even touching a button (known as the "hand effect") changes the impedance of the antenna and thus changes the transmit output power. This real-world effect can reduce the effective radiated power (ERP) of a remote control and easily result in output power 6 dB below the government limit, with a corresponding 2x reduction in transmit distance per Friis's free space path loss equation.
These effects can be alleviated to maximize transmitter antenna efficiency by adjusting an on-chip variable capacitor to resonate with the inductance of the antenna. These automatic capacitor adjustments maximize the transmit power of the remote control by compensating for mismatches in the antenna matching circuitry and reduce design cost by relaxing manufacturing tolerances in the PCB antenna.
About the Author
Silicon Labs - Wireless RF and ISM Band Transceiver IC. World's most integrated, robust, reliable and easiest to use wireless and RF IC solutions available in the market today
What can I do about my dog's severe auditory fears?
She is terrified of the sudden loud pops and hisses that my 1920's floor furnace makes, so I rarely turn it on, and we both freeze! She has the standard fear of fireworks, but is also terrified of other noises such as a smoke detector beeping, and any noise coming out of my computer speakers (but unafraid of TV or stereo noise). I am most concerned about her fears of the heater. She seems to be a German shephard/yellow lab mix.
Basically, you need to get her used to the noises. Turn the heater back on, and completely ignore the fact that she is scared. Don't coddle her or say "poor baby", because that attention is actually rewarding her for being scared.
Just go about your business and don't react at all to the heater's noises or to her fear. She'll learn in time that there is nothing to be scared of. She just has to get used to it.
Stereo Lab - Flower Called Nowhere